Brain, behavior, and physiological changes associated with predator stress-An animal model for trauma exposure in adult and neonatal rats.

The use of predators and predator odor as stressors is an important and ecologically relevant model for studying the impact of behavioral responses to threat. Here we summarize neural substrates and behavioral changes in rats resulting from predator exposure. We briefly define the impact predator exposure has on neural targets throughout development (neonatal, juvenile, and adulthood). These findings allow us to conceptualize the impact of predator exposure in the brain, which in turn may have broader implications for human disorders such as PTSD. Importantly, inclusion of sex as a biological variable yields distinct results that may indicate neural substrates impacted by predator exposure differ based on sex.

Delayed estrogen actions diminish food consumption without changing food approach, motor activity, or hypothalamic activation elicited by corticostriatal µ-opioid signaling.

Mu-opioid receptor (µ-OR) signaling in forebrain sites including nucleus accumbens (Acb) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) modulates reward-driven feeding and may play a role in the pathophysiology of disordered eating. In preclinical models, intra-Acb or intra-vmPFC µ-OR stimulation causes overeating and vigorous responding for food rewards. These effects have been studied mainly in male animals, despite demonstrated sex differences and estrogen modulation of central reward systems. Hence, the present study investigated sex differences and estrogen modulation of intra-Acb and intra-vmPFC µ-OR-driven feeding behaviors. First, the dose-related effects of intra-Acb and intra-vmPFC infusions of the µ-OR-selective agonist, DAMGO, were compared among intact female, ovariectomized (OVX) female, and intact male rats. The DAMGO feeding dose-effect function was flattened in intact females relative to the robust, dose-dependent effects observed in OVX females and intact males. Thus, in intact females, intra-Acb DAMGO failed to elevate food intake relative to vehicle, while intra-vmPFC DAMGO elevated food intake, but to a smaller degree compared to males and OVX females. Next, to explore the possible role of estrogen in mediating the diminished DAMGO response observed in intact females, OVX rats were given intra-Acb or intra-vmPFC infusions of DAMGO either immediately after a subcutaneous injection of 17-beta-estradiol 3-benzoate (EB; 5 µg/0.1 mL) or 24 h after EB injection. Intra-Acb DAMGO effects were not changed at the immediate post-EB time point. At the delayed post-EB timepoint, significant lordosis was noted and the duration of intra-Acb DAMGO-driven feeding bouts was significantly reduced, with no change in the number of bouts initiated, locomotor hyperactivity, or Fos immunoreactivity in hypothalamic feeding and arousal systems. Similarly, EB failed to alter the motor-activational effects of intra-vmPFC DAMGO while reducing feeding. These findings indicate that delayed, presumably genomically mediated estrogen actions modulate the µ-OR-generated motivational state by reducing consummatory activity while sparing goal-approach and general arousal/activity. The results additionally suggest that EB regulation of consummatory activity occurs outside of forebrain-µ-OR control of hypothalamic systems.

Impacto de las técnicas de mínima intervención en el índice de masa corporal de pre escolares con caries de la infancia temprana, seguimiento 1 año / Impact of minimal intervention techniques on the body mass index of preschoolers with early childhood caries, 1-year follow-up

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de las Técnicas de Mínima Intervención (TMI) en el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de pre-escolares con caries de la primera infancia (CPI). Material y Métodos: Estudio de intervención, relacional y longitudinal. De una población de 100 pre escolares de ambos sexos y de 3 a 5 años se obtuvo una muestra aleatoria de 31, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se registró las medidas antropométricas: talla-peso e IMC al inicio, 6 y 12 meses. En el examen bucal de tejidos blandos se observó cambios de color y gingivitis; en los tejidos duros alteraciones de estructura, cronología, secuencia de erupción y se aplicó el índice ceo-d; las evaluaciones clínicas fueron al inicio y a los 12 meses. Se aplicaron las TMI preventivas: flúor en barniz, microinvasivas: sellantes ionoméricos y mínimamente invasivas: Técnica de Restauración Atraumática (TRA). Resultados: Las variaciones globales e individuales del IMC al inicio y 12 meses después de aplicar las TMI fueron altamente significativas (p<0,001). En la evaluación final los hallazgos clínicos evidencian cambios positivos y significativos del color de mucosas y grados de gingivitis. El 98% de pre-escolares presentaron CPI e índice ceo-d en promedio 6,5% al inicio y 1,7% después del tratamiento, hipomineralización 45,2%, retraso de erupción 25,8%, alteración en la secuencia y cronología de erupción 29%. Conclusiones: El aumento progresivo global e individual del IMC se relaciona directamente con la aplicación de las TMI, efectivas para recuperar la salud bucal en pre-escolares con CPI a través del tiempo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the impact of Minimal Intervention Techniques (MIT) on the body mass index (BMI) of preschool children with early childhood caries (CIT). Material and Methods : Intervention, relational and longitudinal study. A random sample of 31 was obtained from a population of 100 pre-school children of both sexes and ages 3 to 5 who met the inclusion criteria. Anthropometric measurements were recorded: height- weight and BMI at the beginning, 6 and 12 months. The soft tissue oral examination revealed color changes and gingivitis; in hard tissues alterations of structure, chronology, sequence of eruption and the ceo-d index was applied; clinical evaluations were at baseline and at 12 months. Preventive MITs were applied: fluoride in varnish, microinvasive: ionomeric sealants and minimally invasive: Atraumatic Restoration Technique (ART). Results: The global and individual variations of the BMI at the beginning and 12 months after applying the IMR were highly significant (p <0.001). In finally evaluation, the clinical findings show positive and significant changes in mucosal color and degrees of gingivitis. 98% of preschool children presented CIT and ceo-d index on average 6.5% at the beginning and 1.7% after treatment, hypomineralization 45.2%, eruption delay 25.8%, alteration in the sequence and eruption chronology 29%. Conclusions: The progressive global and individual increase of the BMI is directly related to the application of the IMR; effective to regain oral health in preschool children with CIT over time.